AIR-COUPLED ULTRASOUND

 

INTRODUCTION

Air-coupled ultrasonic is a non-contact technique which has become increasingly common for non-destructive testing, as more and more advanced materials cannot be contaminated during certain manufacturing processes by the various couplants used in regular ultrasonic testing

The air-coupled ultrasonic technique has in addition shown to be very efficient and fast for the testing of large areas, where the application of plate waves can cover long distances, and where the absence of water columns allows for high scan velocities.

 

THE OBSTACLES

The main reason for the use of a couplant lies in the large differences in impedances between air and any solid material: The impedance for air is in the order of 100 Rayl, whereas liquids and solids have impedances in the MegaRayl range. Couplants are used to reduce this impedance mismatch. Without a couplant, i.e. with air as the natural couplant, the impedance mismatch causes  the following typical high reflection losses:

Specimen : 60 – 90 dB

Transducers: 90 dB

Total Reflection Losses: 180 dB.

Another restriction to be considered for the application of air-coupled ultrasound is the sound attenuation in air.The following graph was calculated based on values found in: P.E. Krasnushkin, Phys Rev 190-193, 1944.

 

The attenuation of sound traveling through air increases rapidly for frequencies above ~ 1 MHz.

 airatt.jpg (15402 bytes)

 

SOLUTIONS

There are several techniques available today to overcome above mentioned obstacles, and to make air-coupled ultrasound an efficient and reliable method for the non-destructive testing industry. These techniques involve the following routes:

(a) High sound pressures can compensate for the high reflection losses.This can be obtained by using high voltage transmitters and by applying tone bursts to resonant transducers.

(b) High sensitivity of the receiving transducer, combined with low-noise preamplifiers. The newest tools in this category are the digital filters, which can significantly increase the signal to noise ratio of weak signals.

(c) Impedance matching layers for the coupling of the transducers to air. New materials have reduced these impedance mismatch losses, leading to a higher sound pressure in air and to a higher sensitivity.

(d) Optimizing the frequency for the specific application.

 

TRANSDUCER CONFIGURATIONS

It is a characteristic of air-coupled ultrasound, that plate waves can travel longer distances, without being dampened by a couplant.This allows to use several transducer configurations with interesting results.

 

TWO-SIDED INSPECTION

TDtt.jpg (5147 bytes)

TDsh.jpg (6141 bytes)

TDplw2.jpg (7407 bytes)
Through-Transmission Shear Wave Plate Wave

 

ONE-SIDED INSPECTION

TDpe.jpg (6114 bytes)

TDplw1.jpg (6925 bytes)
Pseudo Pulse-Echo with Sound Barrier Plate Wave

Some results and additional information can be found in the following publications:

  • W.A. Grandia and C.M. Fortunko: Applications of Air-coupled Ultrasonic Transducers.  1995 IEEE Ultrasonic Symposium, Proceedings, Vol 1, pp. 697-709, ISSN 1051-0117.

  • Airscan Transducers, Technique and Applications.  Ndt.net Sept. 1996

  • Wave Modes Produced by Air Coupled Ultrasound. Ndt.net May 1997

  • Air Coupled Ultrasonic Testing of Composite Materials. Ndt.net Dec 1997/ abstract ASNT

  • In-process Inspection of Pultruded Tubular Products Using Air-Coupled Ultrasound. BINDT 1998

  • Frequency Considerations in Air-Coupled Ultrasonic Inspection. INSIGHT Nov 1999, pp 696-699.

  • Ultrasonic Air-Coupled Inspection of Advanced Materials.  Ndt.net / SAMPE 1999

  • Ultrasonic Detection of Corrosion Between Riveted Plates. SPIE March 2000, SPIE Proc. 3994-09

  • Digital Signal Processing for Ultrasonic Testing. WCNDT Rome 2000.

  • High Speed Large Area Scanning Using Air-Coupled Ultrasound. WCNDT Rome 2000.

  • Air-Coupled Ultrasound – A Millennial Review. WCNDT Rome 2000.

CONCLUSIONS

The air-coupled ultrasonic technique has become a reliable and indispensable method in nondestructive testing. The availability of various frequencies and digital filters allows an optimization between high resolution for composites and honeycombs (e.g. 0.5 to 1 MHz) and high penetration for foam, pultruded materials, rubber, tires, and wood (20 to 200 kHz).